Introduction In recent years, global warming has become more prominent and acknowledged. Currently burning fossil fuels contributes to 90% of all the carbon dioxide in the environment, the last decade was the warmest 10 years ever recorded in our history and about 11 million tonnes ( sas.org.uk , 2025)[1] , of plastic enters the oceans nearly every year. We are polluting the planet at an alarming rate, which threatens the Earth’s health. In order to combat these overwhelming

As summarised by the NHGRI, genetic engineering is the process of altering and manipulating the genetic makeup of an organism. It involves the transfer of genes from one organism into another in order to achieve a desired effect such as the new organism expressing a certain trait [National Human Genome Research Institute 2019] [1 ] . Foreign DNA can currently be constructed and introduced into organisms by two main methods; recombinant DNA [Burke, Derek 1999] [2]  and gene sy

Developing countries have been falling deeper and deeper into the vicious cycle of climate change. They have found themselves in an emergency spending trap, where they are suddenly diverting key fiscal resources into restoring the nation after frequent natural disasters. As a result, economic growth is halted and many countries turn to high-interest loans to manage the crisis, further exacerbating these countries’ resource deficits.  Year after year, developing countries face

Introduction  The ozone layer plays a vital role in sustaining life on Earth. It acts as a protective shield for humans, animals, and plants by blocking the sun’s harmful ultraviolet rays. Although the ozone layer occurs naturally, it has been undergoing depletion in recent years due to the release of harmful substances into the atmosphere. This deterioration poses serious risks to all living organisms, as increased UV exposure can lead to health and environmental damage. For