An overview of meme coins Meme coins are cryptocurrencies created to follow trends, employ humor, and try to build a sense of community to attract users (Investopedia, 2025). Meme coins are altcoins (crypto currency not considered as bitcoin) which have no functional utility—meaning they do not serve a specific technical purpose within a blockchain ecosystem; so the question is, why do assets with zero inherent utility gain massive market caps? Data shows that this is not a n

Introduction India’s steel industry has rapidly emerged as the world’s second largest producer (world steel association 2026), and now the government aims to double production capacity by 2030 (Ministry of Steel 2017). However, this rapid expansion has had negative social impacts. The steel plants have resulted in pollution which negatively affects the local population, especially for those that depend on the land for their work. Therefore, this presents the dilemma: while th

Introduction Over the decades, Germany has been leading the car industry with their precision technology, highly skilled labour and legacy of innovation. What was once a post war miracle has now become a source of national pride in Germany. Renowned German brands like Volkswagen, BMW and Mercedes led the revolution in the car industry, transforming the industry and the way cars are built today. Now the German car industry is struggling to float, but why is that and what are t

Introduction Within democratic countries, legal systems owe a responsibility to prevent the concentration of power by the state. However, in the twenty-first century, the measures to prevent and discourage attempts at centralisation of authority have been increasingly challenged by politicians and other non-government actors. Therefore, this article will aim to analyse the effectiveness of safeguarding measures present in both the United Kingdom and the United States in order

Introduction Often, local needs remain unaddressed by central governments. Consequently, spatial inequality is a prevalent issue in developing countries (Kim 2010). Studies have shown that the causes of spatial inequality (the unequal distribution of resources, services, wealth, and opportunities across different geographical areas) stem from the concentration of investment in urban centers, and the uneven allocation of resources (Sjaf et al. 2025). Many countries such as Den

Devices imprinting, storing, saving, every letter typed through our screen, with our data flooding digital archives with our personal information. However, ever-growing possibilities in the digital world compelled the EU to question: Where are companies’ binding obligations to guard our data, our livelihoods, from misuse? This mounting pressure from data subjects fueled EU’s GDPR (General Data Protection Regulations) enactment in 2018 [4]. Some multinational tech corporations

Within a verdant golf course in Scotland, the “Turnberry Agreement” was signed and commemorated as the heroic deal which ceased the possibility of the transatlantic alliance’s collapse through its prevention of a decimating 30% tariff being put on the EU by America[1] [2]. However, this did not come without compromise: the EU’s signing of a $750 billion check for American LNG (liquified natural gas), and pledge of making U.S. industrial products the star of the EU's market, i

Once cohesively forming the silk road that fed global development as enablers of global trade in gold, rubies, and heavenly horses. Now, only Uzbekistan has managed to maintain a fraction of its economic glory with a real GDP of $140B, whilst right beside them, Tajikistan is barely floating and the most globally reliant country on remittances with remittances accounting for 49% of Tajikistan’s GDP in 2024. But how did such a predicament come to be? The soviet system imposed o

Introduction Worldwide, 119 million girls have been denied the basic human right to education. 34 million are of primary school age, 28 million are of lower secondary school age, and 58 million are of upper secondary school age. (Unicef 2025). Girls who receive an education have a higher prospect of earning higher incomes, leading healthier, more productive lives and having the ability to determine factors that may affect them and their future generations. Denying girls the

Introduction 1.4 billion adults are regarded as “unbanked”; they have no account at a financial institution and they do not have access to formal credit or loans (Klapper et al. 2025) [1] . 41% of formal small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) have unmet financing needs (World Bank; International Finance Corporation 2022) [2] . In the conventional banking world, there is limited access to loans for small businesses and those who are financially vulnerable. Many small busine

Introduction Economic shocks and changes in the structure of the economy leave many people vulnerable to unemployment and poverty (Erumban and de Vries 2024) [1] . The welfare system was constructed to assist those suffering with poverty and financial instability by raising their quality of life (Federal Safety Net, 2024) [2] . Social benefits were implemented (initially in Germany) with the aim of ensuring the well-being of all citizens by providing them with a social safety

Introduction In recent years, global warming has become more prominent and acknowledged. Currently burning fossil fuels contributes to 90% of all the carbon dioxide in the environment, the last decade was the warmest 10 years ever recorded in our history and about 11 million tonnes ( sas.org.uk , 2025)[1] , of plastic enters the oceans nearly every year. We are polluting the planet at an alarming rate, which threatens the Earth’s health. In order to combat these overwhelming

Introduction In 1944, the US dollar became the world’s primary reserve currency under the Bretton Woods Agreement. Since then, the United States has enjoyed what economists describe as the “exorbitant privilege” of issuing the dominant global currency. However, in recent years, this dominance has come under increasing pressure as countries pursue de-dollarisation strategies. While often framed as a means of reducing dependence on the United States, these efforts may generate

Developing countries have been falling deeper and deeper into the vicious cycle of climate change. They have found themselves in an emergency spending trap, where they are suddenly diverting key fiscal resources into restoring the nation after frequent natural disasters. As a result, economic growth is halted and many countries turn to high-interest loans to manage the crisis, further exacerbating these countries’ resource deficits. Year after year, developing countries face

What happens when racially biased judgments persist within America’s banks? They perpetuate systemic distrust and suppress the economic growth of people of color (POC), forcing many to rely on costly, bank-bypassing services like check-cashing stores—fees that can total nearly $40,000 over a working lifetime. Such outcomes reflect not individual failure but institutional design: a centralized, discretionary, and diversity-lacking financial system that continues to exclude. Em

Introduction The shortage in housing in England has been persistent since the 1980s. It has become more acute in the years since 2010 due to reasons like the decline and demolition of social housing and reductions in capital investment for new affordable housing. However this is not solely a logistical problem but a deeper market failure driven by market financialization, that exaggerates other socioeconomic issues like poverty or income inequality. The Problem The core issue